Science, Technology, Strategy, Politics, Business
Date of last review : see FB_Wiki:MemoryRecalls/Newconcepts
Science
- Learnings traps = failure of beliefs to move towards truth in these situations not caused by ignorance, but instead by the interaction of exploratorychoice with what is already believed. Learning traps represent a very general class of phenomena that reoccur in many different situations for many types of learners.
- Intertextuality
= the shaping of a text's meaning by another text. It is the interconnection between similar or related works of literature that reflect and influence an audience's interpretation of the text.
- Social metabolism = set of flows of materials and energy that occur between Nature and society, and between different societies, carried out with a specific cultural form.
- Entropic selection = living systems as the embodiment of information; evolution is thus driven by the two inevitable fates of information – amplification by autocatalysis and dissolution by entropy.
- Lindenmayer system = parallel rewriting system, namely a variant of a formal grammar, most famously used to model the growth processes of plant development, but also able to model the morphology of a variety of organisms.
- discovered while reading Logo
- see also XL implementation of relational growth grammars.
- Computational Folkloristics = the study of folklore that leverage the power of [...] algorithmic approaches
- Evolvability = model biological evolution and categorize which types of mechanisms are evolvable.
- Epistasis = phenomenon where the effects of one gene are modified by one or several other genes, which are sometimes called modifier genes. (thus with impact on fitness)
- Social allostasis = cephalic changes as a result of behavioral adaptation, involving physiology through social relationships, building an environment, use of tools, etc.
- Controllability = ability to move a system around in its entire configuration space using only certain admissible manipulations.
- Adaptive market hypothesis = reconcile economic theories based on the efficient market hypothesis with behavioral economics : Prices reflect as much information as dictated by the combination of environmental conditions and the number and nature of "species" in the economy.
- Neurogenomics = large-scale studies of the nervous system using a range of genomic and bioinformatic approaches.
- Integrated Information Theory (IIT) = consciousness arises as a property of a physical system, its 'integrated information'. Integrated information is an exact quantity that can be measured as Φ
- trapdoor one-way function = one-way function for which the inverse direction is easy given a certain piece of information (the trapdoor), but difficult otherwise.
- free energy rate density (FERD) = ? Φm
- Artificial Cosmogenesis = simulation of an entire universe
- Wikipedia:Information cascade = when people observe the actions of others and then make the same choice that the others have made, independently of their own private information signals.
- Optogenetics = combining optical and genetic techniques to probe neural circuits within intact mammals and other animals, at the high speeds (millisecond-timescale) needed to understand brain information processing.
- darwin unit = unit of evolutionary change
- BQP = Bounded error, Quantum, Polynomial time
- Universal Distribution = ?
- Quantum Darwinism = theory explaining the emergence of the classical world from the quantum world as due to a process of Darwinian natural selection.
- Grammatical evolution = evolutionary computation technique [which] applies genetic operators to an integer string, subsequently mapped to a program (or similar) through the use of a grammar
- discovered while showing Wikipedia:Genetic_programming to someone interested in Wikipedia:Homoiconic
- Grammatical Evolution Tutorial by Conor Ryan, GECCO 2006
- libGE C++ library that implements the Grammatical Evolution mapping process.
- This mapping process, associated with any kind of search algorithm, translates a string of objects onto a program to be evaluated.
- GrammaticalEvolution.org website hosted by Biocomputing And Developmental Systems, University of Limerick, Ireland
- Modelling Financial Time Series using Grammatical Evolution by Kamal Adamu, Center for Computational Finance and Economic Agents, University of Essex, Advances in Machine Learning for Computational Finance 2009
- DRP Directed Programming [...] is a generalisation of Grammatical Evolution allowing one not only to do GE, but also to do Genetic Programming in pure Ruby without explicitly generating a program string as output.
- Grammatical Evolution - Evolutionary Automatic Programming in an Arbitrary Language by Michael O'Neill and Conor Ryan, Springer 2003
- Zero-knowledge proof = interactive method for one party to prove to another that a (usually mathematical) statement is true, without revealing anything other than the veracity of the statement.
- Phylogeography = "The use of molecular phylogenies to reconstruct the migration pathways taken by populations in the past [...]. It works on the assumption that species sitting on the lowest branches of a phylogenetic tree are not only genetically close to the ancestor of the group, but also geographically close to the location of that ancestor." (p30)
- Algorithmic probability = ?
- Cosmological principle = On large spatial scales, the Universe is homogeneous and isotropic.
- Chemotaxis = bacteria direct motion in which they assess the level of energy source at their location and then actively move towards a region with a higher supply of food. (chemo-taxis, see also phototaxis)
- Paleoneurology = study and analysis of fossil endocasts
- Positive manifold = ?
- Genic Capture = process that makes the indicator captures a larger amount of information about an individual's genetic quality. Discovered by Rowe and Houle, 1996
- Kairological time = ?
- Dromology = the theory of the nature of speed, its conditions of emergence, its transformations, and it effects (dromo is Greek for race, and at the same time the designation of the entrance to the domed mausoleums of Mycenae). (page 215 of High-Speed Society, chapter 12 The Nihilism of Speed: On the Work of Paul Virilio by Stefan Breuer)
- Potemkin village = ?
- Information geometry = study of probability and information by way of differential geometry.
- Tragedy of the anticommons = coordination breakdown where the existence of numerous rights holders frustrates achieving a socially desirable outcome.
- Connectome = detailed map of the full set of neurons and synapses within the nervous system of an organism. The production and study of such a map is known as connectomics.
- Computational hardness assumption = systems are secure assuming that any adversaries are computationally limited, as all adversaries are in practice. Because hardness of a problem is difficult to prove, in practice certain problems are "assumed" to be difficult.
- Transcriptome = the set of all messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules, or "transcripts," produced in one or a population of cells.
- Cyberchondria = colloquial term to describe the behavior of individuals who use the Internet to gather information on health or healthcare, for themselves or people in their care. Articles in popular media position cyberchondria anywhere from temporary neurotic excess to adjunct hypochondria.
- Discovered looking for Hypochondriasis on Wikipedia (for a friend, of course ;)
- Molecular shuttle (supramolecular chemistry) = special type of molecular machine capable of shuttling molecules or ions from one location to another.
- Stochastic resonance = observed when noise added to a system improves the system's performance in some fashion.
- Cognitive fluidity = how a modular primate mind has evolved into modern human mind by combining different ways of process knowledge and using tools to create a modern civilization.
- Discovered in Steven Milthen's The Prehistory of the Mind
- Cognitive dimensions of notations = design principles for notations, user interfaces and programming language design.
- Chemoton = self-reproducing program-controlled fluid (chemical) automaton.
- Scholarpedia:Neutral networks
(biology and optimization) = some fitness landscapes may contain 'ridges' or level connected pathways of the same fitness -- connected via single potential mutations -- and these are Neutral Networks.
- Proactionary principle = formulated as an opposing view point to the Precautionary Principle which is based on the concept that consequences of actions in complex systems are often unpredictable and irreversible. The Proactionary Principle is based upon the observation that historically, the most useful and important technological innovations were neither obvious nor well-understood at the time of their invention.
- Ergodic process = In signal processing, a stochastic process is said to be ergodic if its statistical properties (such as its mean and variance) can be deduced from a single, sufficiently long sample (realization) of the process.
- Mathemagic = is the learning of tricks that help a student to pass the immediate unit test. Mathemagic is confusing and quickly forgotten. Mathemagic is rigid. All problems that a student can solve using mathemagic must be in the exact same format as the problems the teacher used when teaching the unit.
- Scientogram = a science map that is obtained as a result of plotting science by using graphs from bibliometric information. (See also Scientometrics)
- Neuropil = Scholarpedia:Neuroanatomy#The_Neuropil (discovered in Le cerveau en miroir, Arte, November 21, 2008)
- G0 phase or quiescent state = The state of a cell when it is not dividing.
- Wikipedia:G0 phase, concept discovered during a discussion on the Cellular origin theory (sometimes called the vagrancy theory) regarding the origin of viruses.
- Cortical column (biology) = Also called hypercolumn or sometimes cortical module, is a group of neurons in the brain cortex which can be successively penetrated by a probe inserted perpendicularly to the cortical surface, and which have nearly identical receptive fields.
- Argument Map (Logic) = An Argument map is a visual representation of the structure of an argument in informal logic. It includes the components of an argument such as a main contention, premises, co-premises, objections, rebuttals and lemmas.
- Intelligence Amplification (IA) = Computer networks and human-computer interfaces as a contrasting approach (more mundane than AI) that could lead to the Singularity.
- Explanandum (Logic) = Explanandum and explanans are concepts used in the philosophy of science. An explanandum is something that needs to be explained.
Technology
- Technography = an interdisciplinary methodology for the detailed study of the use of skills, tools, knowledge and techniques in everyday life. This paper argues that technography is a useful methodological approach for the integrative study of social–technical configurations.
- Moral engineering = no exact definition provided but overall the concept that a technical system can push for a certain moral perspective e.g through the software system for content moderation
- Hardware refactoring = refactoring of code in hardware description languages.
- Design structure matrix (DSM) = compact, matrix representation of a system or project with all constituent subsystems/activities and the corresponding information exchange and dependency patterns.
- Quantum Internet = wide-area quantum repeater networks, similar in spirit to the classical Internet. according to Qwiki
- Unconventional computing = computing by a wide range of new or unusual methods.
- Delta Debugging automates the scientific method of debugging.
- Differential privacy = means to maximize the accuracy of queries from statistical databases while minimizing the chances of identifying its records.
- Performance per watt = measure of the energy efficiency of a particular computer architecture or computer hardware.
- Power usage effectiveness = ratio of total amount of power used by the data center facility to the power delivered to IT equipment.
- Energy Slave = "quantity of energy (ability to do work) which, when used to construct and drive non-human infrastructure (machines, roads, power grids, fuel, draft animals, wind-driven pumps, etc.) replaces a unit of human labour (actual work)."
- "The choice to “employ” Energy Slaves is only at the margins of their total impact, so are called slaves because users receive the value produced by them as an entitlement of the society."
- How much of a slave master am I ? by Jean-Marc Manicore, 2005
- "It is obvious, when seeing this astronomical price difference between human energy and fossil energy that, if the price of energy remains constant, anything a machine can do will eventually be done by a machine if micro-economic logics apply everywhere and before any other consideration."
- Robotic Nation by Marshall Brain
- discovered by exploring EROEI
- EROEI = "ratio of the amount of usable energy acquired from a particular energy resource to the amount of energy expended to obtain that energy resource."
- discovered by reading about Thermoeconomics
- see also my work on PriorityByEconomicalSystem (internal link only)
- Thermoeconomics = also referred to as 'biophysical economics', is a school of heterodox economics that applies the laws of thermodynamics to economic theory."
- discovered after reading more about The Entropy Law and the Economic Process, Harvard University Press 1971 by Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen
- Cryptovirology = use cryptography to design powerful malicious software.
- Infornography = portmanteau word formed by the combination of the words "information" and "pornography".
- Webtank = collaborative web environment where both tools and rules can be reconfigured and customized to solicit, archive, access, and mine knowledge for individual and collaborative problem-solving.
- Dataflow programming = implements dataflow principles and architecture, and models a program, conceptually if not physically, as a directed graph of the data flowing between operations.
- Cognitive Commons = The worldwide web, a distributed network of cognizers, digital databases and sofware agents, has become our Cognitive Commons in which cognizers and cognitive technology can interact globally with a speed, scope and degree of interactivity that yield performance powers inconceivable with unaided individual cognition alone.
- Preboot Execution Environment = an environment to boot computers using a network interface independently of available data storage devices (like hard disks) or installed operating systems.
- Broadcatching = an automated agent that aggregates and filters content from multiple sources for presentation to an individual user.
- Screen real estate = the amount of space available on a display for an application to provide output. Typically, the effective use of screen real estate is one of the most difficult design challenges because of the desire to have as much data and as many controls as possible visible on the screen to minimize the need for hidden commands and scrolling. At the same time, excessive information may be poorly organized or confusing, so effective screen layouts must be used with appropriate use of white space.
- Information Architecture = Information architecture (IA) is the art and science of expressing a model or concept of information used in activities that require explicit details of complex systems.
- Diffusion MRI = Diffusion MRI is a specific magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) modality that produces in vivo images of biological tissues weighted with the local microstructural characteristics of water diffusion.
- Landauer%27s Principle = information creation in a physical space does not require energy but space. What costs energy is removing now unnecessary information in the physical space except the newly created information.
- Implicit web = The Implicit Web is a concept coined in 2007 to denote web sites which specialize in the synthesis of personal information gleaned from the Internet into a single, coherent picture of user behavior. Implicit data may include clickstream information, media consumption habits, location tracking or any data generated without "explicit" input from a user. Presumed advantages of implicit data include accuracy, ease of input and comprehensiveness.
- Dark fiber = In fiber-optic communications, dark fiber or unlit fiber (or fibre) refers to unused fibers, available for use.The term was originally used when talking about the potential network capacity of telecommunication infrastructure, but now also refers to the increasingly common practice of leasing fiber optic cables from a network service provider.
- a Net's image = when the Net absorbs a medium, that medium is re-created in the Net's image. It injects the medium's content with hyperlinks, blinking ads, and other digital gewgaws, and it surrounds the content with the content of all the other media it has absorbed.
Strategy
- Richardson's arms race model = using a system of differential equations and probability theory to estimate the propensity of nations to enter into conflict
- Advanced Chess = a human player and a computer chess program playing as a team against other such pairs.
- Rational Ignorance = "occurs when the cost of educating oneself on an issue exceeds the potential benefit that the knowledge would provide." according to Wikipedia:Rational ignorance
- The Red Queen Principle = For an evolutionary system, continuing development is needed just in order to maintain its fitness relative to the systems it is co-evolving with.
- Open Source Intelligence = is the retrieval, extraction and analysis of information from publicly available sources (abbreviated to OSINT).
- Dominant strategy = a strategy that you should play (higher payoffs), regardless of what the other player does. Playing a dominant strategy, by definition, maximizes your payoff. PS : a dominant strategy is not always available to every player.
- Nash equilibrium = No player regrets his strategy, given everyone else's move. The power of a Nash equilibrium comes from its stability. Everyone is happy with his move, given what everyone else is doing, so no one wants to alter his strategy. Multiple Nash equilibria can coexist, but one could be superior to the rest. Obviously, players in a bad (thus sub-optimal) equilibrium should try to move to a better one.
Politics
- Weaponized interdependence = leveraging global networks of informational and financial exchange for strategic advantage, using e.g panopticon and chokepoint effects respectively
- Ethical drift = incremental de-viation from ethical practice that goes unnoticed by individuals who justify the deviations as acceptable and who believe themselves to be maintaining theirethical boundaries.
- Intersubjectivity = the psychological relation between people. It is usually used in contrast to solipsistic individual experience, emphasizing our inherently social being.
- Information-action ratio = the relationship between a piece of information and what action, if any, a consumer of that information might reasonably be expected to take once learning it.
- Agnotology = study of culturally-induced ignorance or doubt, particularly the publication of inaccurate or misleading scientific data.
- Gerrymandering = form of boundary delimitation (redistricting) in which electoral district or constituency boundaries are deliberately modified for electoral purposes, thereby producing a contorted or unusual shape.
- World-systems approach = approach to social analysis and social change on a global scale and with an historical viewpoint.
- Regulatory capture = situations in which a government regulatory agency created to act in the public interest instead acts in favor of the commercial or special interests that dominate in the industry or sector it is charged with regulating.
- Holoptism = ability for any member to have horizontal knowledge of what the others are doing, but also the vertical knowledge related to the aims of the project.
- laogai = (in China) a system of labour camps, many of whose inmates are political dissidents. - ORIGIN Chinese, ‘reform through labour’. (according to The Oxford Dictionary of English)
- Stigmergic collaboration = the process of collaboration that utilizes an intervening encodable media such as a canvas, a word processing document, email or a wiki.
- Creative class = http://www.creativeclass.com/
- Biopower = the practice of modern states and their regulation of their subjects through "an explosion of numerous and diverse techniques for achieving the subjugations of bodies and the control of populations" in The Will To Knowledge, Foucault's first volume of The History of Sexuality. (see also the term biopolitics)
- Bourgeois anarchism = social organizations based on principles of weak cooperation and peer production is sharply expanding the scope of what can be achieved by civil society. These are voluntary organizations, with flat hierarchies and trust-based principles. They are focused on producing commons-based resources rather than individual property. In general, they are transformative, not revolutionary, in character.
- [1] Bourgeois anarchism and authoritarian democracies
- Authoritarian democracies = the liberal state - in a crisis of legitimacy and under pressure from such new organizations, both peaceful (civil society) and violent (terrorism) - is reorganizing itself around an increasingly authoritarian core, expanding surveillance into the capillary system of society, overriding civil liberties and reducing democratic oversight in exchange for the promise of security.
- [2] Bourgeois anarchism and authoritarian democracies
Business
- Surveillance capitalism = novel market form and a specific logic of capitalist accumulation, a "radically disembedded and extractive variant of information capitalism" based on the commodification of "reality" and its transformation into behavioral data for analysis and sales.
- first discovered during CPDP2019 thanks to Daniel
- Wikipedia:Copyfraud = aggressively extending copyright where it does not really belong.
- Artnapping = snatching works of art in order to receive ransoms for returning them to the rightful owner, without involvement of the police.
- first discovered thanks to
- L’ego-land by Niklas Maak, Presseurop June 2010
- Veblen good = theoretical group of commodities for which peoples' preference for buying them increases as a direct function of their price, instead of decreasing according to the law of demand.
- Product service system = business model, developed in academia, that is aimed at providing sustainability of both consumption and production.
- Business Process Modeling Notation (BPMN) = standard for business process modeling, and provides a graphical notation for specifying business processes in a Business Process Diagram (BPD), based on a flowcharting technnique very similar to activity diagrams from Unified Modeling Language (UML).
- ROA = Return on attention, the new ROI for personal and business relationships.
- Knowledge Process Outsourcing = form of outsourcing, in which knowledge-related and information-related work is carried out by workers in a different company or by a subsidiary of the same organization, which may be in the same country or in an offshore location to save cost.
- Gold farming= general term for an MMORPG activity in which a player attempts to acquire ("farm") items of value within a game, usually by exploiting repetitive elements of the game's mechanics.
- Spot market = The spot market or cash market is a commodities or securities market in which goods are sold for cash and delivered immediately.
- Unique selling proposition (USP) = aspect of an object that differentiates it from similar objects
- Coase theorem = the economic efficiency of an economic allocation or outcome in the presence of externalities.
- concept discovered while reading a review of "Here Comes Everybody". Could also be discussed with the other book "Wikinomics".
- Quant = a person who works in finance using numerical or quantitative techniques.
- Arbres de connaissances = Un arbre de connaissances est une représentation imagée et structurée de la somme des richesses que chaque membre apporte à une communauté, selon diverses réalités (connaissances, compétences, opinions, événements, projets, besoins etc.) vécues par un groupe de personnes.
- Johari Window = A Johari window is a cognitive psychological tool created by Joseph Luft and Harry Ingham in 1955 in the United States, used to help people better understand their interpersonal communication and relationships.
- Community Manager = a Community Manager is someone who communicates with a company's users/customers, development team and executives and other stake holders in order to clarify and amplify the work of all parties. To link with Wikipedia:Crowdsourcing and Wikipedia:Lead user concepts.
- Sunk costs = In economics and in business decision-making, sunk costs are costs that have been incurred and which cannot be recovered to any significant degree. Sunk costs are sometimes contrasted with variable costs, which are the costs that will change due to the proposed course of action, and prospective costs which are costs that will be incurred if an action is taken.
To do
- evaluate how displaying dated items in the house improve recall
- see FB_Wiki:Cookbook.Objects#CorridorDisplay for potential improved hardware (written down/printed/e-ink/...)
- alert trigger if number of new items < threshold
- could be use for other pages too (feeds, new vocabulary, new OIMP, ...) in order to "motivate" discovery (and the resulting creativity)
- add concepts from previous readings
- evaluate the utility and usability of each concept, eventually its popularity too and the type of population using it
- evaluate its importance -eventually its position in my concept tree-, ...)
- Springer Exemplar see how a particular term or phrase is used in peer-reviewed, published literature
